From 27bfb3683f18aae01304ac2af318dae6ca428e04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: schlaepfer Date: Fri, 17 Feb 2006 17:04:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] - structural changes (Device as instance) git-svn-id: https://svn.code.sf.net/p/libusbjava/code/trunk@100 94ad28fe-ef68-46b1-9651-e7ae4fcf1c4c --- mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Device.java | 179 ++++++++++++++++-- mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/LibusbWin.java | 40 ++-- mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/USB.java | 70 ++----- .../src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Config_Descriptor.java | 10 +- .../src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Device_Descriptor.java | 10 +- .../ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor.java | 11 +- .../ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Interface_Descriptor.java | 12 +- .../ch/ntb/usb/test/TestImplementation.java | 6 +- 8 files changed, 234 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-) diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Device.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Device.java index 2d40a02..fa05bb8 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Device.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Device.java @@ -5,23 +5,46 @@ import java.util.logging.Level; import ch.ntb.usb.logger.LogUtil; import ch.ntb.usb.logger.UsbLogger; +/** + * This class represents an USB device.
+ * To get an instance of an USB device use USB.getDevice(...). + * + * @author schlaepfer + * + */ public class Device { private static UsbLogger logger = LogUtil.ch_ntb_usb; private static final int TIMEOUT_ERROR_CODE = -116; - public int MAX_DATA_SIZE = USB.MAX_DATA_SIZE; + private int maxPacketSize; private int idVendor, idProduct, configuration, interface_, altinterface; private int usb_dev_handle; - Device(short idVendor, short idProduct) { + protected Device(short idVendor, short idProduct) { + maxPacketSize = -1; this.idVendor = idVendor; this.idProduct = idProduct; } + /** + * Opens the device and claims the specified configuration, interface and + * altinterface.
+ * First the bus is enumerated. If the device is found its descriptors are + * read and the maxPacketSize value is updated. If no + * endpoints are found in the descriptors an exception is thrown. + * + * @param configuration + * the desired configuration + * @param interface_ + * the desired interface + * @param altinterface + * the desired alternative interface + * @throws USBException + */ public void open(int configuration, int interface_, int altinterface) throws USBException { this.configuration = configuration; @@ -44,6 +67,9 @@ public class Device { throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_get_busses(): " + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); } + + maxPacketSize = -1; + // search for device while (bus != null) { Usb_Device dev = bus.devices; @@ -59,6 +85,25 @@ public class Device { + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); } else { usb_dev_handle = res; + // get endpoint wMaxPacketSize + Usb_Config_Descriptor[] confDesc = dev.config; + for (int i = 0; i < confDesc.length; i++) { + Usb_Interface[] int_ = confDesc[i].interface_; + for (int j = 0; j < int_.length; j++) { + Usb_Interface_Descriptor[] intDesc = int_[j].altsetting; + for (int k = 0; k < intDesc.length; k++) { + Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor[] epDesc = intDesc[k].endpoint; + for (int l = 0; l < epDesc.length; l++) { + Math.max(epDesc[l].wMaxPacketSize, + maxPacketSize); + } + } + } + } + if (maxPacketSize <= 0) { + throw new USBException( + "No USB endpoints found. Check the device configuration"); + } } } dev = dev.next; @@ -71,21 +116,21 @@ public class Device { + " and idProduct 0x" + Integer.toHexString(idProduct & 0xFFFF) + " not found"); } - USB.claim_interface(usb_dev_handle, configuration, interface_, - altinterface); + claim_interface(usb_dev_handle, configuration, interface_, altinterface); } public void close() throws USBException { if (usb_dev_handle <= 0) { throw new USBException("invalid device handle"); } - USB.release_interface(usb_dev_handle, interface_); + release_interface(usb_dev_handle, interface_); if (LibusbWin.usb_close(usb_dev_handle) < 0) { usb_dev_handle = 0; throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_close: " + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); } usb_dev_handle = 0; + maxPacketSize = -1; logger.info("device closed"); } @@ -107,8 +152,23 @@ public class Device { logger.info("device reset"); } - public int bulkwrite(int out_ep_address, byte[] data, int length, int timeout) - throws USBException { + /** + * Write data to the device using a bulk transfer.
+ * + * @param out_ep_address + * endpoint address to write to + * @param data + * data to write to this endpoint + * @param length + * length of the data + * @param timeout + * amount of time in ms the device will try to send the data + * until a timeout exception is thrown + * @return the actual number of bytes written + * @throws USBException + */ + public int bulkwrite(int out_ep_address, byte[] data, int length, + int timeout) throws USBException { if (usb_dev_handle <= 0) { throw new USBException("invalid device handle"); } @@ -118,8 +178,8 @@ public class Device { if (length <= 0) { throw new USBException("size must be > 0"); } - int lenWritten = LibusbWin.usb_bulk_write(usb_dev_handle, out_ep_address, - data, length, timeout); + int lenWritten = LibusbWin.usb_bulk_write(usb_dev_handle, + out_ep_address, data, length, timeout); if (lenWritten < 0) { if (lenWritten == TIMEOUT_ERROR_CODE) { throw new USBTimeoutException("LibusbWin.usb_bulk_write: " @@ -141,6 +201,19 @@ public class Device { return lenWritten; } + /** + * @param in_ep_address + * endpoint address to read from + * @param data + * data buffer for the data to be read + * @param size + * the maximum requested data size + * @param timeout + * amount of time in ms the device will try to receive data until + * a timeout exception is thrown + * @return the actual number of bytes read + * @throws USBException + */ public int bulkread(int in_ep_address, byte[] data, int size, int timeout) throws USBException { if (usb_dev_handle <= 0) { @@ -152,8 +225,8 @@ public class Device { if (size <= 0) { throw new USBException("size must be > 0"); } - int lenRead = LibusbWin.usb_bulk_read(usb_dev_handle, in_ep_address, data, - size, timeout); + int lenRead = LibusbWin.usb_bulk_read(usb_dev_handle, in_ep_address, + data, size, timeout); if (lenRead < 0) { if (lenRead == TIMEOUT_ERROR_CODE) { throw new USBTimeoutException("LibusbWin.usb_bulk_read: " @@ -175,28 +248,112 @@ public class Device { return lenRead; } + /** + * Claim an interface to send and receive USB data. + * + * @param usb_dev_handle + * the handle of the device (MUST BE VALID) + * @param configuration + * the configuration to use + * @param interface_ + * the interface to claim + * @param altinterface + * the alternative interface to use + * @throws USBException + * throws an USBException if the action fails + */ + private void claim_interface(int usb_dev_handle, int configuration, + int interface_, int altinterface) throws USBException { + if (LibusbWin.usb_set_configuration(usb_dev_handle, configuration) < 0) { + throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_set_configuration: " + + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); + } + if (LibusbWin.usb_claim_interface(usb_dev_handle, interface_) < 0) { + throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_claim_interface: " + + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); + } + if (LibusbWin.usb_set_altinterface(usb_dev_handle, altinterface) < 0) { + throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_set_altinterface: " + + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); + } + logger.info("interface claimed"); + } + + /** + * Release a previously claimed interface. + * + * @param dev_handle + * the handle of the device (MUST BE VALID) + * @param interface_ + * the interface to claim + * @throws USBException + * throws an USBException if the action fails + */ + private void release_interface(int dev_handle, int interface_) + throws USBException { + if (LibusbWin.usb_release_interface(dev_handle, interface_) < 0) { + throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_release_interface: " + + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); + } + logger.info("interface released"); + } + + /** + * @return the product ID of the device. + */ public int getIdProduct() { return idProduct; } + /** + * @return the vendor ID of the device. + */ public int getIdVendor() { return idVendor; } + /** + * @return the alternative interface. This value is only valid after opening + * the device. + */ public int getAltinterface() { return altinterface; } + /** + * @return the current configuration used. This value is only valid after + * opening the device. + */ public int getConfiguration() { return configuration; } + /** + * @return the current interface. This value is only valid after opening the + * device. + */ public int getInterface() { return interface_; } + /** + * @return the current device handle. This value is only valid after opening + * the device. + */ public int getUsb_dev_handle() { return usb_dev_handle; } + /** + * Returns the maximum packet size in bytes which is allowed to be + * transmitted at once.
+ * The value is determined by reading the endpoint descriptor(s) when + * opening the device. It is invalid before the device is opened! + * + * @return the maximum packet size + */ + public int getMaxPacketSize() { + return maxPacketSize; + } + } diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/LibusbWin.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/LibusbWin.java index af174f7..918eddc 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/LibusbWin.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/LibusbWin.java @@ -1,8 +1,6 @@ package ch.ntb.usb; public class LibusbWin { - - private static final String sysDir = "C:/Windows"; // Core /** @@ -15,8 +13,8 @@ public class LibusbWin { /** * usb_find_busses will find all of the busses on the system. * - * @return Returns the number of changes since previous call to this - * function (total of new busses and busses removed). + * @return the number of changes since previous call to this function (total + * of new busses and busses removed). */ public static native int usb_find_busses(); @@ -24,8 +22,8 @@ public class LibusbWin { * usb_find_devices will find all of the devices on each bus. * This should be called after usb_find_busses. * - * @return Returns the number of changes since the previous call to this - * function (total of new device and devices removed). + * @return the number of changes since the previous call to this function + * (total of new device and devices removed). */ public static native int usb_find_devices(); @@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * support C calling convention and can use shared libraries, but don't * support C global variables (like Delphi). * - * @return The structure of all busses and devices. Note: The java + * @return the structure of all busses and devices. Note: The java * objects are copies of the C structs. */ public static native Usb_Bus usb_get_busses(); @@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * * @param dev * The device to open. - * @return Returns a handle used in future communication with the device. + * @return a handle used in future communication with the device. */ public static native int usb_open(Usb_Device dev); @@ -108,7 +106,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * * @param dev_handle * The handle to the device. - * @return Returns 0 on success or < 0 on error. + * @return 0 on success or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_reset(int dev_handle); @@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param bytes * @param size * @param timeout - * @return number of bytes written/read or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes written/read or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_control_msg(int dev_handle, int requesttype, int request, int value, int index, byte[] bytes, int size, @@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param langid * @param buf * @param buflen - * @return number of bytes returned in buf or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes returned in buf or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_get_string(int dev_handle, int index, int langid, String buf, int buflen); @@ -186,7 +184,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param index * @param buf * @param buflen - * @return number of bytes returned in buf or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes returned in buf or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_get_string_simple(int dev_handle, int index, String buf, int buflen); @@ -204,7 +202,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param index * @param buf * @param size - * @return number of bytes read for the descriptor or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes read for the descriptor or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_get_descriptor(int dev_handle, byte type, byte index, String buf, int size); @@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param index * @param buf * @param size - * @return number of bytes read for the descriptor or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes read for the descriptor or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_get_descriptor_by_endpoint(int dev_handle, int ep, byte type, byte index, String buf, int size); @@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param bytes * @param size * @param timeout - * @return number of bytes written on success or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes written on success or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_bulk_write(int dev_handle, int ep, byte[] bytes, int size, int timeout); @@ -249,7 +247,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param bytes * @param size * @param timeout - * @return number of bytes read on success or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes read on success or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_bulk_read(int dev_handle, int ep, byte[] bytes, int size, int timeout); @@ -264,7 +262,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param bytes * @param size * @param timeout - * @return number of bytes written on success or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes written on success or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_interrupt_write(int dev_handle, int ep, byte[] bytes, int size, int timeout); @@ -278,7 +276,7 @@ public class LibusbWin { * @param bytes * @param size * @param timeout - * @return number of bytes read on success or < 0 on error. + * @return the number of bytes read on success or < 0 on error. */ public static native int usb_interrupt_read(int dev_handle, int ep, byte[] bytes, int size, int timeout); @@ -286,13 +284,13 @@ public class LibusbWin { /** * Returns the error string after an error occured. * - * @return error sring. + * @return the last error sring. */ public static native String usb_strerror(); - /*******************************************************************/ + /** **************************************************************** */ static { - System.load(sysDir + "/system32/LibusbWin.dll"); + System.loadLibrary("LibusbWin.dll"); } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/USB.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/USB.java index 700d104..da726a6 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/USB.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/USB.java @@ -6,13 +6,25 @@ import java.util.LinkedList; import ch.ntb.usb.logger.LogUtil; import ch.ntb.usb.logger.UsbLogger; +/** + * This class manages all USB devices and defines some USB specific constants. + * + * @author schlaepfer + * + */ public class USB { /** - * The maximal data size in bytes which is allowed to be transmitted at - * once. + * The maximum packet size of a bulk transfer when operation in highspeed + * (480 MB/s) mode. */ - public static final int MAX_DATA_SIZE = 512; + public static int HIGHSPEED_MAX_BULK_PACKET_SIZE = 512; + + /** + * The maximum packet size of a bulk transfer when operation in fullspeed + * (12 MB/s) mode. + */ + public static int FULLSPEED_MAX_BULK_PACKET_SIZE = 64; private static UsbLogger logger = LogUtil.ch_ntb_usb; @@ -33,9 +45,11 @@ public class USB { // check if this device is already registered Device dev = getRegisteredDevice(idVendor, idProduct); if (dev != null) { + logger.info("return already registered device"); return dev; } dev = new Device(idVendor, idProduct); + logger.info("create new device"); devices.add(dev); return dev; } @@ -59,54 +73,4 @@ public class USB { } return null; } - - /** - * Claim an interface to send and receive USB data. - * - * @param usb_dev_handle - * the handle of the device (MUST BE VALID) - * @param configuration - * the configuration to use - * @param interface_ - * the interface to claim - * @param altinterface - * the alternative interface to use - * @throws USBException - * throws an USBException if the action fails - */ - static void claim_interface(int usb_dev_handle, int configuration, - int interface_, int altinterface) throws USBException { - if (LibusbWin.usb_set_configuration(usb_dev_handle, configuration) < 0) { - throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_set_configuration: " - + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); - } - if (LibusbWin.usb_claim_interface(usb_dev_handle, interface_) < 0) { - throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_claim_interface: " - + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); - } - if (LibusbWin.usb_set_altinterface(usb_dev_handle, altinterface) < 0) { - throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_set_altinterface: " - + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); - } - logger.info("interface claimed"); - } - - /** - * Release a previously claimed interface. - * - * @param dev_handle - * the handle of the device (MUST BE VALID) - * @param interface_ - * the interface to claim - * @throws USBException - * throws an USBException if the action fails - */ - static void release_interface(int dev_handle, int interface_) - throws USBException { - if (LibusbWin.usb_release_interface(dev_handle, interface_) < 0) { - throw new USBException("LibusbWin.usb_release_interface: " - + LibusbWin.usb_strerror()); - } - logger.info("interface released"); - } } diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Config_Descriptor.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Config_Descriptor.java index ebe75ca..023fe11 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Config_Descriptor.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Config_Descriptor.java @@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ public class Usb_Config_Descriptor { public byte MaxPower; - public Usb_Interface []interface_; + public Usb_Interface[] interface_; - // TODO: Extra descriptors are not interpreted because of their unknown structure + // TODO: Extra descriptors are not interpreted because of their unknown + // structure public Usb_Config_Descriptor extra; /* Extra descriptors */ public int extralen; @@ -32,8 +33,9 @@ public class Usb_Config_Descriptor { sb.append("\tbNumInterfaces: " + bNumInterfaces + "\n"); sb.append("\tbConfigurationValue: " + bConfigurationValue + "\n"); sb.append("\tiConfiguration: " + iConfiguration + "\n"); - sb.append("\tbmAttributes: " + bmAttributes + "\n"); - sb.append("\tMaxPower: " + MaxPower + "\n"); + sb.append("\tbmAttributes: 0x" + + Integer.toHexString(bmAttributes & 0xFF) + "\n"); + sb.append("\tMaxPower [mA]: " + MaxPower + "\n"); return sb.toString(); } diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Device_Descriptor.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Device_Descriptor.java index 45b81b4..b3881b9 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Device_Descriptor.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Device_Descriptor.java @@ -28,19 +28,21 @@ public class Usb_Device_Descriptor { public byte iSerialNumber; public byte bNumConfigurations; - + public String toString() { StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); sb.append("** Usb_Device_Descriptor **\n"); sb.append("\tblenght: " + bLength + "\n"); sb.append("\tbDescriptorType: " + bDescriptorType + "\n"); - sb.append("\tbcdUSB: " + bcdUSB + "\n"); + sb.append("\tbcdUSB: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(bcdUSB) + "\n"); sb.append("\tbDeviceClass: " + bDeviceClass + "\n"); sb.append("\tbDeviceSubClass: " + bDeviceSubClass + "\n"); sb.append("\tbDeviceProtocol: " + bDeviceProtocol + "\n"); sb.append("\tbMaxPacketSize0: " + bMaxPacketSize0 + "\n"); - sb.append("\tidVendor: " + idVendor + "\n"); - sb.append("\tidProduct: " + idProduct + "\n"); + sb.append("\tidVendor: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(idVendor & 0xFFFF) + + "\n"); + sb.append("\tidProduct: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(idProduct & 0xFFFF) + + "\n"); sb.append("\tbcdDevice: " + bcdDevice + "\n"); sb.append("\tiManufacturer: " + iManufacturer + "\n"); sb.append("\tiProduct: " + iProduct + "\n"); diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor.java index 2ab7306..f6d3586 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor.java @@ -17,18 +17,21 @@ public class Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor { public byte bSynchAddress; - // TODO: Extra descriptors are not interpreted because of their unknown structure + // TODO: Extra descriptors are not interpreted because of their unknown + // structure public Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor extra; /* Extra descriptors */ public int extralen; - + public String toString() { StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); sb.append("**Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor**\n"); sb.append("\tblenght: " + bLength + "\n"); sb.append("\tbDescriptorType: " + bDescriptorType + "\n"); - sb.append("\tbEndpointAddress: " + bEndpointAddress + "\n"); - sb.append("\tbmAttributes: " + bmAttributes + "\n"); + sb.append("\tbEndpointAddress: 0x" + + Integer.toHexString(bEndpointAddress & 0xFF) + "\n"); + sb.append("\tbmAttributes: 0x" + + Integer.toHexString(bmAttributes & 0xFF) + "\n"); sb.append("\twMaxPacketSize: " + wMaxPacketSize + "\n"); sb.append("\tbInterval: " + bInterval + "\n"); sb.append("\tbRefresh: " + bRefresh + "\n"); diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Interface_Descriptor.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Interface_Descriptor.java index 354fcd6..205c632 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Interface_Descriptor.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/Usb_Interface_Descriptor.java @@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ public class Usb_Interface_Descriptor { public Usb_Endpoint_Descriptor[] endpoint; - // TODO: Extra descriptors are not interpreted because of their unknown structure + // TODO: Extra descriptors are not interpreted because of their unknown + // structure public Usb_Interface_Descriptor extra; /* Extra descriptors */ public int extralen; @@ -34,9 +35,12 @@ public class Usb_Interface_Descriptor { sb.append("\tbInterfaceNumber: " + bInterfaceNumber + "\n"); sb.append("\tbAlternateSetting: " + bAlternateSetting + "\n"); sb.append("\tbNumEndpoints: " + bNumEndpoints + "\n"); - sb.append("\tbInterfaceClass: " + bInterfaceClass + "\n"); - sb.append("\tbInterfaceSubClass: " + bInterfaceSubClass + "\n"); - sb.append("\tbInterfaceProtocol: " + bInterfaceProtocol + "\n"); + sb.append("\tbInterfaceClass: 0x" + + Integer.toHexString(bInterfaceClass & 0xFF) + "\n"); + sb.append("\tbInterfaceSubClass: 0x" + + Integer.toHexString(bInterfaceSubClass & 0xFF) + "\n"); + sb.append("\tbInterfaceProtocol: 0x" + + Integer.toHexString(bInterfaceProtocol & 0xFF) + "\n"); sb.append("\tiInterface: " + iInterface + "\n"); return sb.toString(); } diff --git a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/test/TestImplementation.java b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/test/TestImplementation.java index f4e4400..ee8148d 100644 --- a/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/test/TestImplementation.java +++ b/mcdp/src/ch/ntb/usb/test/TestImplementation.java @@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ public class TestImplementation { } static void read() { - byte[] data = new byte[USB.MAX_DATA_SIZE]; + byte[] data = new byte[dev.getMaxPacketSize()]; int lenRead = 0; try { - lenRead = dev.bulkread(IN_ENDPOINT, data, - USB.MAX_DATA_SIZE, TIMEOUT); + lenRead = dev.bulkread(IN_ENDPOINT, data, dev.getMaxPacketSize(), + TIMEOUT); StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("read_bulkdata: " + lenRead + " Bytes received: Data: "); for (int i = 0; i < lenRead; i++) {